|
Populism
and Progressivism
(2-8)
The stockholders exchange their stock in smaller companies for Standard
Oil stock as a "trust." Standard Oil now has
stockholder's voting rights.
Holding Companies-
Northern Securities Company bought enough stock in the Great Northern,
Northern Pacific, and Burlington to control them (10%-20% stock); J.P.
Morgan bought out Northern Securities; also made illegal.
Railroads & oil
squeeze farmers » Populism & Progressivism.
(2-27)
Chapter 27
Railroads took away Indian land & buffalo were killed for
workers' food, but few white/Native American clashes.
Geronimo-
well-educated, wife & family killed by whites » war on
crusade against them.
Ghost Dance (banned by
US government)- Indian named Jack Wilson believed a messiah would come
& restore Native Americans to supremacy in North America » Ghost Dance put Indians in contact with ghosts
» The Battle of
Wounded Knee [Messiah War]
Populism (agricultural
movement)- [forerunner of progressivism]- was unsuccessful because it
did not attract city dwellers (progressivism was successful-- it did
attract urbanites); came about due to farmers' debt, dissatisfied with
Democrats & Republicans » formed "People's
Party."
 Wanted: graduated income tax, flexible currency system (incorporating
both gold and silver), an amendment to the Constitution (Am. XVI-
graduated income tax), public ownership of railroads & communication
lines, 8-hour workdays (to attract city-dwellers), direct Senate
election by people (later implemented in Am. XVII)
(2-28)
Populism
Concerned about monetary growth- money purchases less; Populists wanted
increased money supply.
Demand poll (demand exceeding supply in multiple products across the
economy- demand for more money to buy) » wage price spiral
Inflation- creeping (1-3%) , galloping (100-300%), hyper (>500%)
(3-1)
Marx's "Das Capital"- labor theory of volume, response to
industrial revolution.
Worker Theory of Value- worker should be paid what is necessary to live
tomorrow, working only until that pay is earned- no profit for the
owner; but profit is a reward to those speculating.
Populism Returns
(1870-1898)
1870-1898- drop in
prices of commodities (wheat, corn, soybeans, etc. [as opposed to
manufactured goods])--causes: farmers produced too much, international
competition (from Europe)
Farmers blamed railroads and middlemen (and the railroads were partly at
fault through rebates, price setting, etc.) & tariff- US products
competing w/European products, US farmers lower prices, but still must
buy mfg. goods protected by tariffs (unchanged prices--still high)--also
upset about mortgages (a bank loan to purchase land or property)-- money
supply in US decreased by 10%- populists advocated inflation through bimetallism
(use of gold & silver)--crime of 1873: government quit purchasing
silver.
Patrons of Husbandry (1867)- created social & educational programs
for farmers...The Grange today...Granges lobbied states to pass railroad
& storage-regulating laws (Grange Laws)- Munn v. Illinois; Supreme
Court said states could regulate private property for the public good.
Wabash Case- Supreme Court reversed Munn decision.
Farm Alliances- (midwest & south- high rate of tenant farmers)-
created revival meetings, became active because of droughts (looking for
government action but didn't get it) » formed People's/Populist
Party.
(3-1)
Election
of 1896- Democrat: William Jennings Bryant (Populist also); Republican-
McKinley; Democrats & Populists wanted unlimited silver, Rep.
appealed to workers » McKinley wins election- gives "Cross of
Gold" speech » Populists disappeared because gold was discovered
around the world » inflation » had no reason to be.
(3-7)
Alaska
purchased from Russia for $7.2 million » Hawaii seized by American
sugar cane farmers » Samoa » Spanish-American War: Puerto Rico, Cuba,
and Philippines (last two: Independent in the early 1900s, 1946) »
Alfred Mahan (Naval leader) wanted to make Panama Canal, helped Panama
gain independence from Colombia, Canal in return; successful because
Walter Reed learned about Yellow Fever causes while in Cuba » Chine (US
proclaimed Open-Door Policy [everyone needs to respect Chinese
territorial integrity])
Boxer
Rebellion (late 1800s)- Chinese values @ risk from outside influences-
Boxers ("Fist of Righteous Harmony")- outsiders killed,
Europeans came in & suppressed, China paid $333 million for damages
($25 million to US, refund for $11 million for Chinese studying in US
colleges).
Japan
& US now major Pacific rivals (Perry forced Open-Door ion Japan in
1853); Japan annexed Korea in 1910, wanted Manchuria for iron &
coal.
Germany
tries to take Morocco- everyone wants colonies (a mindset that partly
causes World War I)
Chapter 30
Midway-
turning point of World War II- afterward, US goes "island
hopping" toward Japan
Roosevelt
Corollary- supplement to Monroe Doctrine- US will do what is necessary
to enforce the Monroe Doctrine.
"Big
Stick" (US Navy) used to enforce Roosevelt Corollary
Portsmouth
Agreement- Roosevelt negotiates end of Japan-Russia war » Nobel Peace
Prize (Korea to Japan)
Chapter 31
Progressivism
consisted of: Populists (farmers), Urban Settlement Houseworkers (Jane
Adams- Hull House), Municipal Reformers, Anti-Machine Politicians (who
want secret ballots), muckrakers (journalists writing on corruption)
Progressive
Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt (Rep.), Taft (Rep.), Wilson (Dem.); ends
with World War I
(3-9)
Progressivism-
Spirit/attitude
Goals:
Make government an agency of human welfare- greater democracy, social
justice, honest government, more effective government.
Seeds:
socialism (Das Capital), Republicans who wanted reform,
Populists, Muckrakers (Sinclair's Jungle: opens eyes to meat
problems » Meat Inspection Act + Food & Drug Act); How the Other
Half Lives by Jacob Riis: about the slums of New York; Shame of
the Cities by Lincoln Steffens: about horizontal integration and
monopolies.
Goals:
Greater democracy: (A) Direct Primary- people select candidates for
general election; (B) Initiative- people have an idea for a law »
petition » if successful, appears on the next ballot; (C) Referendum-
legislature lacks courage to make decisions » refer it to the people;
(D) Recall- firing politicians » special election to remove a
politician from offices; (E) 17th Amendment- direct elections of US
Senators.
Efficiency-
(A) Commissions system- hurricane in Texas » commissioners run
different services (utilities, police, fire, etc.); (B) City Manager-
day-to-day issues, hiring of police chiefs, etc. (C) Mayor- one man in
charge of whole city; (D) Specialists- experts to run different
utilities, etc.
Social
Justice (Child Labor)- allow basically anything » Child Labor Laws »
10 hour workday (government refused) » Triangle Shirtways Fire
(windowless, 1 door)- all women burned to death » Fire escapes,
windows, >1 entrance required » 10-hour workday for women due to
their "weakness;" lots of Tuberculosis » accident
insurance
(3-14)
Roosevelt
became President when McKinley was assassinated-- New York Republicans
had wanted Roosevelt in a dead-end position, so they nominated him as
VP; 1st Progressive President-- Theory of Presidency: The president
could do whatever he wanted unless there was a specific court provision
prohibiting the action; Taft: a president could only exercise authority
specifically stated in court.
Roosevelt's
"Square Deal:" business, labor, and public treated the same-
wanted to weed out bad corporations regardless of size.
Authracite
(soft) coal- coal miners went on strike » shortages » higher
rates--but--Roosevelt did not want to step in- wanted to let corps work
it out or send in army- 1st President to step in.
"Trustbuster-"
Sherman Antitrust Act is Roosevelt's device for controlling trusts- used
Attorney General to break up J.P. Morgan's Northern Securities.
Established
Department of Commerce & Labor- to investigate corporations and make
recommendations to Attorney General about whether or not to break up.
Oliver
Wendell Holms- (appointed by Roosevelt to Supreme Court)- believed court
was to be interpreted to permit changes that the majority of the people
want- thought each state should be able to experiment & improve
living conditions.
Roosevelt
elected alone now- promises that this is the final term (biggest
mistake)
Railroads
had 10% of all US wealth- Roosevelt convinced Congress to pass Hepburn
Act (gave ICC [Interstate Commerce Commission] authority over companies
operating railway facilities) » forced railroads to stop coalfield
ownership, use uniform accounting, favoring of customers-- stop rebates
& bribes, reduce railroad rates.
(3-15)
Coal
used for color of candies, etc., narcotics in drugs » Pure Food &
Drug Act
Meat
Inspection Act (from The Jungle)
Conservation-
(plus John Muir)- Roosevelt appointed Gifford Pinchot, in charge of
National Forest.
Newlands
Reclamation Act- irrigate lands in the West (Grand Coulee Dam, Hoover
Dam)
Taft
nominated as candidate at Roosevelt's urging » Taft became unpopular
due to his position against control of government by wealthy and against
socialism); also concerned about cost of living (+40%) related to wages
(+20%) » wanted to reduce Dingley Tariff » becomes Payne Aldrich
Tariff that actually made the tariffs rise (but also established the
Tariff Commission)-- but -- Congress rejected all Tariff Commission
findings » Taft thought of as unfriendly to big business.
Balinger
released Alaska to sell to private owners (former clients of his)-
forestry investigator talked to Taft about this and was fired; Pinchot
went to press and was fired; Ballinger resigned » Taft thought of as
friendly to rich buyers.
Taft's
Last Three Years:
Doubled
# of antitrust suits; set aside more forest land than Roosevelt, started
National Forests; set aside 59 million acres of coal-producing land;
created emergency petroleum reserves; created corporate income tax;
pushed through graduated income tax (16th Amendment); Mann-Elkin Act-
strengthened ICC; campaign expense publicity (find out where publicity
cash comes from); radio act (all boats must carry radios); child labor-
Children's Bureau; Department of Labor.
Roosevelt
challenges Taft for Republican nomination in 1912 (but Taft will
obviously beat him) » New Nationalism » Progressive Party
 The
Progressive Party was called the Bull-Moose Party because Roosevelt was
shot while approaching the stand to make a campaign speech. The
bullet deflected off of his glasses case and into his body just below
his lung, but he went on to give the speech anyway, claiming he was
"as fit as a bull-moose."
Election
of 1912- Wilson (Dem.- New Freedom), Taft (Rep.), Roosevelt
(Progressive), Debbs (Socialist) » Wilson wins
Wilson-
racist (anti-black), run out of Princeton as President (of the
university), becomes 3rd of 3 Progressive Presidents- wants to localize
& create economic competition.
Dollar
Diplomacy (Taft)- grew from China--loaned to China for construction in
return fro commerce with Chinese business...tried to make Nicaragua
government behave, but it did not » sent troops.
(3-19)
Tariff-
Underwood Tariff lowered 37% tariff to 39.9%
16th
Amendment- created Federal Income Tax (1% of anything > $3,000
[graduated])
Federal
Reserve- Glass-Owen Act divided US into 12 banking districts (federal
reserve banks), servicing all banks in their district, 6% of all
deposits a bank has are given to the Federal Reserve.
Corporations-
Federal Trade Commission- responsible for monitoring corporations- false
advertising.
Claimed
to favor breaking up trust, yet appointed businessmen.
Social
Justice- Progressivism for whites only (according to Wilson)- Wilson
opposed the KKK but approved of their ideals- opposed the 15th Amendment
(universal suffrage); segregated government restrooms, drinking
fountains, workplaces.
|
