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The
Early Years- Colonization
Your Key to These
Notes:
 A
Major Point  A
Sub-bullet, or a point related to the one above.
A point of
interest that will most likely not be on the AP test.
» Therefore,
or Ergo.
1600-
Feudalism disappearing
Remaining
nobles—House of Lords
Tudors—relied
on middle class for ruling
Self rule became a habit.
House of commons—made laws
(middle class)
Taxes
1215-
Magna Carta—People have rights (“Great Charter”)
Common
Law—Judges made law (William the Conqueror) based on logic &
reason
Enclosure
laws—created need for colonization
Mercantilism-
wealthy country (not individual)—English sold wool; tenant farms
before enclosure »
land was enclosed and the farmers kicked out.
(“Hark, hark, the dogs do bark; the beggars have come to
town.”)
Food
shortages & unemployment
Colonies
used for space and food
Ireland-
first English colony—Sir Gilbert defeated the Irish
Scalping-
originally from English/Irish war
Create
enclaves mimicking English culture (plantations, transplanting English
culture); rule Irish
First
attempted English colony- Newfoundland, claimed because of Cabot
(failed)
Second-
Roanoak (“Crotoan”)
First
successful colony—Jamestown, founded in search of gold.
Jamestown was on the James
River (Northwest Bend/Passage) on a peninsula; built in swamp—malaria
a problem. Placed by
businessmen in search of gold, not farmers.
King
of England (1600s) wante dto make tobacco illegal (health hazard)
Virginia-
“Virgin Queen” – Elizabeth I – Joint stock enterprise,
established by a joint stock company.
(corporation)—The Virginia Company [Jamestown- The London Co.;
Plymouth- The Plymouth Co.)
John
Smith- “No work, no eat” – 1609-1610: Starving Time (population
reduced from 400 to 60).
1610-
Henrico (Richmond) established
1612-
John Rolfe- tobacco; taken Pocahontas—“Lady Rebecca”
1618-
Headright System- 50 acres (self); 50 acres (servants)
1619-
1st general assembly (Legislature)
Women allowed; 125lb of
tobacco (cost of a woman)
1622-
Revolt by Opechancanough; Rolfe killed + 250 colonists
1623-
200 natives poisoned by wine + another 50 (under peace treaty guise)
1624-
Royal colony takes over Virginia from the London Co.
1650-
15,000 people; corn +
cattle population diversified
Bacon’s
Rebellion (Virginia)- misunderstanding between natives and settlers-
state with one white death;
plantations evict tenant farmers to keep low profile from low tobacco
prices. Tenants move West
into Indians; build forts west to maintain order + trade; Bacon accuses
governor of making personal profits from beaver pelts; organizes
rebellion with tenants; 1st rebellion in North
America—overthrows Virginia government, dies of Malaria, rebellion
fades.
Maryland- St. Mary’s (1st settlement)- plantation (Irish
concept + English culture)- refuge for
Catholics; proprietary colony- controlled by Lord Baltimore- secure a
safe place for Catholics (“Act of Toleration”) specified churches
that worship Christ.
Slavery
begins in South Carolina (wealthy)
Georgia-
prison state
1700-
black slaves outnumber white settlers; Barbados Code of 1661- denied
slave rights, adopted in Carolinas in
1696- rice principal export crop.
North
Carolina reunited aristocracy in Virginia & South Carolina.
Georgia-
Catholic- excluded- Oglethorpe (philanthropist and warrior)- Parliament committee
prison.
Plantation
Colonies- Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Georgia—all destroyed soil with tobacco, forced westward movement.
Carolina
(Royal Charter)- Charles owed noblemen money; gave propriety of the
colony of Carolinas instead
Poor
Virginians came to North Carolina
Charleston-
deep port- attracted rich English + French vendors of coffee and rice
»
split of Carolinas
King took over after
disobedience under proprietors
Georgia-
Oglethorpe bothered by number of debtors in prison; paid the debts of
those who would move to Georgia—no
slavery—chief crops of rice, tobacco, and sugar.
Royal
(King—governor); proprietary (proprietor); self-governed (legislature
[colonial assembly])- agitation/revolution
began in the north, due to desire for self government.
Massachusetts-
Wealthy, as opposed to poor Virginians—children becoming Dutch,
going away from home, dishonoring God,
looking for a place “devoid of all civil inhabitants.”
Massachusetts worried after James I died in 1621, giving reign to
Charles I.
Indentured
Servants- antecedence to slavery
Indenture- document allowing
travel to America without cash- farmer pays passage
in exchange for 3-7 years of work.
Given
suit of clothing, fifty acres of land, tools after three years »
kidnapping, captains kidnapper people
off the streets, sold to plantation owners (auctions)—or—in prison
for sedition (criticism of God)—His 50,000 Majesty’s Seven-Year
Passages- indentured servants »
seditionists + debtors »
self government »
revolution
Competing after release
»
goods’ price go down »
slavery for economic relief.
1700- 1/3 indentured servants.
Slave
Trade (escalating in 1700s- shift from indentured servants)
¾ black population- 5
southern states; north- subsistence farmers, merchants, etc.
Anti-slavery in middle
(William Penn)
African
slavery’s roots lie in natives; captured in Africa, exchanged for
iron- Caribbean- sugarcane- 4:1 slave
: free ratio—Barbados Act denied rights- Triangular Trade (Slaves »
cane »
rum »
Africa)
Mayflower
Compact- Takes place of Virginia’s law due to being blown off-course;
paper on
which people agreed to obey the laws they made.
Rather
religious- “neat and convenient”—Nov. 11, 1620- Cape Cod: First
Constitution of North America.
Tried
to create society based on society.
Puritans-
bright colors, decorations, furniture, plain inside churches
Elizabeth
I- priest has special garments, Puritans disliked them; stained-glass
windows, statues, music all disliked by Puritans
Puritans
want to go back to the 1st century
1570-
Elizabeth appoints bishops; Puritans opposed bishop governing Church
of England (Elizabeth did so for political, not spiritual reasons)
Separation
of Holland (later, pilgrims of Plymouth)
William
Laud- 1st archbishop of Canterbury- closed church &
university appointments to Puritans
who were professors or leaders.
1630-
Massachusetts (non-separatist—Plymouth was the separatist
colony)—Great
migration to Mass. Bay Colony.
Mass. Was closer to the Catholic church than
that of the Protestants, but thought
Catholics were wrong by 600 A.D., in adding dogma to the church—wanted
to organize a church upon the Acts of the Apostles; St. Augustine’s
“Confessions”- live clean life, no room for bodily pleasures.
God
in Mass.; congregational principles- each meeting house (church)
Independent-
independent colonial movements began here partly due to this.
Citizenship
relied on church membership- Massachusetts
commonwealth—political leaders sought advice from religious leaders-
“Bible Commonwealth”
Theocracy-
religious leaders run the state (as opposed to just being advisors)
Halfway
Covenant- partial church membership (believed in God, but no religious
experience such as a miracle, etc.)
Brattle
Street Church (1699)- anyone could be a member; popular because Puritans
banned music (only religious permitted), sensuous poetry, observance of
Christmas
The celebration of Christ’s birthday is thought to have been held in
the summer originally. It
was moved to December to coincide with the Pagan feast, Festival of
Lights (hence Christmas lights) to broaden Christian appeal to the Pagan
audiences.
1612-
Salem Witch Hunt- caused loss of faith in Puritans-
turned to Brattle Street Church;
ended on October 12.
Massachusetts
Body of Liberties (1641)- everyone gets a jury trial; “no taxation
without representation;” free elections;
not denied life, liberty, or property without due process;
self-incrimination prohibited; equal protection of foreigners; torture
abolished; cruelty to animals and wives abolished
(9/26)
Models
of white/Indian relations
Reciprocity
(working together)—like the French-Dutch fur relationship; not interested
in taking land.
Subjugation
(English)—unequal treatment- took land, fish, fought back; some
accommodation and working together.
Slash
& Burn—burn the forest brush to enrich the soil & hunting
conditions.
Good relationship upon whites’ arrival- subsistence farmers due
to rocky New England soil- taught English about corn & fish
fertilizer; soured by disease (small pox); claimed that this was divine
manifestation (a Puritan idea)- “died like rotten sheep”- divine
harvest of Heathens doing the Devil’s work.
1637-
Piquat War caused by Englishman’s murder + disease; 700 Indians killed
@ west
Mystic; about 5 survived- “sweet
sacrifice;” few survived- Roger Williams spoke up for Indians.
1638-
Piquat Nation dissolved by Hartford
Justification
of land seizures: Indians were not using it effectively; Indians were
lazy;
they did not manufacture anything.
“King
Phillip” (Metacom)- wanted to unite Indians against whites—Sasamon’s
murder caused this (ed. @ Harvard)-
killed by 3 Indians who were executed- 20,000 people died in King
Phillip’s War (1675-1676); captured Metacom’s family; sold them into
slavery in the West Indies, tracked him down and killed him.
His head was
displayed on a spike.
Plymouth
Pilgrims- Indian Treaty of 1621
New
England Confederation (1643)- Charles II decided to take a more active
role in
colonies in 1660; 1662- squatter settlements
legalized; 1663- Rhode Island’s tolerant charter accepted; 1684- Bay
Colony’s charter revoked.
Sir
Edmond Andros- Dominion- allied with Church of England; rude soldiers;
hated town
meetings
In
England, Catholic James II replaced by Protestant William III + Mary
(daughter of
James II)
Glorious/Bloodless
Revolution—caused Andros to flee; caught, shipped to England,
caused further American upheaval.
New
Netherlands- New Amsterdam (New York)- owned by the Dutch West India Co.
Thirty
Years War (1618-1648)- King Adolphus- Protestant (Swedish)
(9-27)
King & Reign
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Relation to America
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James
I (1603-1625)
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Founded
Virginia & Plymouth; Persecuted separatists.
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Charles
I (1625-1649)
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Civil
Wars (1642-1649); Massachusetts founded.
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[Interregnum
(1649-1660)]
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Commonwealth;
Protestants (Crowell)
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Charles
II (1660-1685)
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Restorations,
Carolinas, Pennsylvania, New York founded.
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James
II (1685-1688)
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Catholic
trend, Glorious Revolution
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William
& Mary (1689-1702)
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King
William’s War
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Quakers-
Founded by George Fox;
everyone had “inner light”; no
formality; no Mr. or Mrs., etc.—just “thee”; equality of the
sexes; equality of the races—Penn learned Indian languages and paid
fair values to them for their land/products; Indians disliked England
because they were pacifists (opposed violence)—total religious freedom
& full female participation; equal spiritual status; political,
social, & spiritual threat.
Nixon was one of the more famous Quakers
Western
Delaware—Pennsylvania—King owed Penn money, gave him ownership
of the colony—took care of money and
Quakers; Philadelphia- “City of Brotherly Love.”
1680-1776
(Revolution); following slavery trade (cotton, sugar, tobacco)—profit
went to
industry; cheaper crops, etc.
England no longer worthwhile.
Diversity
reduces totalitarianism, classes.
2
million white; 500,000 slaves
(10-3)
Great
Awakening (1730-1749)- churches tax supported, services became
intellectual »
participation goes down (especially in the south and west) »
making + spending money preoccupations; skeptical about “God” » John Edwards (minister) gives sermons describing hell + heaven
(delightful); brings emotion back to church (Massachusetts, New York,
Pennsylvania) »
establishes churches.
New
Jersey- William Lemont- Log College- train ministers »
Princeton
George
Whitefield (great preacher)- brought drama to sermons0 people came from
all over, traveled, won many people over to “sudden moments of
savior”—born again.
John
Edwards (best overall preacher)- sovereignty of God; glory + love of God
(quote- p. 95)
Results
of the Great Awakening-
Methodist
Church- social justice (founded by John Weslian- 1730s)
Puritanism
further divided »
New lights (new churches), old lights (traditional churches) »
need ministers »
colleges (Princeton, Columbia, Brown, Dartmouth)
Individuality
emphasized by splintering religions »
political individuality
Emphasis
on toleration.
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