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Jeffersonians
Through Jacksonian Democracy
Your
Key to These Notes:
 A
Major Point  A
Sub-bullet, or a point related to the one above.
A point of
interest that will most likely not be on the AP test.
» Therefore,
or Ergo.
British
stole American slaves; pressed American sailors into service
Washington
sent John Jay to negotiate Jay’s Treaty with the English »
Britain would leave Ohio River Valley by 1796; allowed Americans to
trade with French West Indians; gave American shippers duty breaks
–but—did nothing about slave theft, sailor impressments» American anger.
Washington’s
Farewell Address- dangers of political parties + says to stay out of
English affairs.
John
Adams/Jefferson elected President/Vice President »
12th Amendment (the original Constitution
stated that the election’s winner was President, loser was Vice
President; the Electoral College would vote twice, once for the
President, once for the Vice President)
French
angry about Jay Treaty, seizes American ships »
XYZ
Affair- 3 French diplomats required $250,000 bribes as conditions for
negotiations »
privateers attacked French ships.
America
ready to go to war with France; Adams refused (small army, no navy) »
popularity
fell.
Convention
of 1800- Alliance with France is solidified- American government agrees
to pay for damage done to American shippers.
Alien
& Sedition Acts- Aliens: immigrants joined Democratic Party; Adams
could expel immigrants; no person was ever expelled.; Sedition- illegal
to criticize U.S. gov.
Jefferson
+ Madison say states don’t have to obey unconstitutional Congressional
acts (Sedition
Act – 1st Amendment) »
state doesn’t have to obey – Compact Theory (Kentucky/Virginia
Resolution)– Jefferson & Madison say Constitution is a contract
between states & national government (or national government and the
people) »
Marbury
v. Madison determined that the Supreme
Court, not a state, decides whether
a law is unconstitutional or not.
Federalists
vs. Democratic Republicans- election of 1800- Jefferson vs. Adams vs.
Burr »
none had a majority of electoral votes »
House (Hamilton urged Jefferson support by Federalists)—Burr later
killed Hamilton in a duel.
(11/13)
Election
of Jefferson v. Adams (1800) decided by 250 votes in New York to
Jefferson; no majority
in Electoral College, House had to elect- urged by Hamilton to go with
Jefferson. »
12th
Amendment- electors vote separately for President and Vice President:
House (requiring 2/3 vote)- President; Senate- Vice President; Current
Vice President makes final count
20th
Amendment: Term ends on January 20th, but if the President is
not chosen, the Vice President elect acts as President- Congress
declares who acts or how to choose.
22nd
Amendment: Only 2 terms allowed.
Marbury
v. Madison- Congress passed
Judicial Act of 1801- empowered President to select new judges (made new
judicial positions)- remain holding judicial branch Some
appointments were not put in the mail before Jefferson was elected.
They were invalid until sent, and when he found them, he gave
them to James Madison to hold onto so that he would not be accountable
for them not having been sent. Marbury
was one of the judges in the unsent letters; he could not sue Jefferson,
but he could sue Madison.
Judicial
Act of 1789- Supreme Court can issue injunctions (commanding someone to
do or not to do something); Marbury petitions to Supreme Court to issue
injunction to Madison to hand over the papers; entitled due to the
Judicial Act of 1801.
Marshall-
Court Amendment III Section II, ss1 & 2- Original jurisdiction (no
mention of injunctions) – Constitution prevails.
Jefferson
said states made decision of constitutionality
Article
VI, Section 3- gives determining power to judiciary »
beginning of Judicial Review (Courts are the only ones to determine
whether a law is constitutional) »
hierarchy of powers.
Jefferson’s
precedent- engaged U.S. Military without declaration of war against
Libyan terrorist
group on the high seas- threatened to attack unless paid bribe;
dispatched navy to sink pirate ships » Commander-in-Chief from Article II; up to Congress to provide money
(Article I Section 8). In
other words: The end result was
that the President could use the military without a declaration of war,
but it would be up to Congress if he needed any funding.
Louisiana
Purchase- Jefferson interpreted the constitution strictly until now- interpretation
grew broader because the Constitution did not provide for land purchase »
Democratic Republicans became more liberal.
Slave
revolt in Haiti- Napoleon can’t deal with Western Hemisphere while waging
war in Europe » U.S. wants to buy New Orleans »
Napoleon offers all of the Louisiana purchase for $10 million, but
Jefferson had to tie the purchase to the Constitution somehow. »
Used the elastic clause (general welfare)
(11/14)
Notes
from A Few Moments... (Video)
Jefferson
- inconsistent; psychosomatic migraines; hypochondriac; passionate
idealist; Puritan; art-lover, luxury-lover »
hypocritical: slavery- Jefferson married Monticello with 1 slave;
inherited 14 slaves, but spoke against slavery.
Jefferson hated interracial relationships and slavery (thought it
was morally evil)- wanted abolition; published work, but did nothing to
abolish slavery as an officer of any kind »
wanted to form an African country alliance and send them away »
disliked smell, stamina, thought incapable of higher thought
–but—open-minded- said Indians were more or less equal to whites,
accepted black mathematicians… but never got rid of slaves,
couldn’t’ afford it»
went into debt and lived off of credit on delicacies.
Louisiana
Purchase- Brought up the question of slave or not; created deep
(isolated) south
with a siege mentality » Missouri Compromise- Southern states would be slave states, Northern
would be non-slave.
War
in Europe (seen as Elephant vs. Whale- Napoleon vs. England);
U.S.becoming trade power (maritime); Europe in deadlock; Napoleon
embargoes all British goods, orders in council- English impounded
neutral ships.
U.S.
dependent on England for trade; Jefferson biased against monarchy +
thought France would become Republican model- convinced Congress to pass
Nonintercourse Act (USA no longer trades with Britain) »
North angered »
Essex Junto convinced Aaron Burr to run for governor of New York; wanted
Northeast & New York to secede from the Union; stopped by Hamilton » Aaron Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, but Hamilton, claiming to be
the better man, refused to shoot »
Burr shot him. Burr was
going to set up a country with Spanish and make himself the dictator;
Jefferson arrested him for treason »
he was acquitted because only one person would testify that he was
treasonous, and two were required for a conviction.
Chesapeake
Incident- Leopard (UK ship) attacked a US ship; hung sailors.
US
wanted war » Jefferson established Embargo Act (no US ship left post) »
country went into depression; Jefferson was relieved to leave when his
term ended- had virtually relinquished all power.
Madison-
liked for glamorous, powerful wife (Dolly); Macon’s Bill #2 (replaced Nonintercourse
Act)- US bribes Europeans to trade- whichever agrees to leave US ships
alone gets trade, others get embargo. …Napoleon agrees first; US
allies with France »
War of 1812- War Hawks- Congressmen led by Henry Clay (North) want war
with England, want to conquer Canada.
(End Video Notes)
(11/16)
National
Anthem- War of 1812
War
of 1812- (supposedly over shipping rights, but most ship-dependent
people voted against
war) result of poor communications; US declares war, 2 days later Orders
in Council (British orders to attack US ships) revoked; peace delegates
already sent; Russian czar unavailable to mediate until Jan. 1813 »
not right person, decide to negotiate face to face; British send
messengers, not top diplomats like US (Marshall, Adams, et. al.)…were
stalling; wanted Maine, Great Lakes, Mississippi River; would not give
up impressments of US sailors.
Battle
of Lake Champlain (US Victory)- British slowly give up demands, but
nothing changed.
Treaty
of Ghent- things to go back as they were before the War of 1812.
Hartford
Convention- Northeast wanted to secede (Federalists); Federalists
supported States’ rights, Democratic-Republicans supported power of
the federal government; Constitution says Union of States, who may
withdraw when they like- Northern Federalists ally with Britain—broke
up with Britain after War of 1812.
Nascent
Nationalism- beginning of nationalism- survived war against most
powerful country in the world; Decatur crushed Barbary Pirates in Libya;
world acknowledged US’s longevity.
Battle
of New Orleans- result of poor communication about the end of the War of
1812.
(11/17)
End
of War of 1812- Government would only issue hard currency (coins); in
1811 the charter
life of the National Bank (20 years) expired- What to do about money
people had invested in it? How
to raise more money? No
place to put duty money »
need to establish 2nd National Bank of US- Calhoun, Clay, and
Webster opposed it.
Couldn’t
trade with Britain » American industry expands; more expensive
products due to startup, research & development costs, and
inefficiency »
American manufacturers angry » Tariff of 1816- duty on goods entering US (Protect US price/industry);
Northeast argued unconstitutional; South supported due to textile mill
development (thought South would be industrial center of US) »
change to South opposition – violate states’ rights; Northeast
advanced faster- had faster rivers, better power, better manufacturing.
American
System- Clay’s ideas for internal improvements- a country linked by canals
+ roads »
west support; Southeast opposition- roads wouldn’t go there; Northeast
opposition- didn’t want new Western states- less voting population »
Unconstitutional for Federal Government to build canals + roads except
for National Road (Baltimore to Illinois- also Cumberland Road)- 20
years to build; wouldn’t’ pass bill to change tolls »
fell apart.
Panic
of 1819- end of the Era of Good Feelings; state banks sprouted at the
fall of the
National Bank » issued their own banknotes + loans; kept hard money, but not as much as
the number of banknotes »
inflation; no uniformity of currency- businessmen favored certain banks-
people wanted to borrow money, start farms; cotton dropped about ½ due
to lower prices from India»
no one had money; speculators left without buyers- the few buyers
couldn’t pay anyway.
Speckle-
gold or silver- National Bank sponsored state banks- state banks couldn’t
pay, folded, money in them lost »
blame fell to National Bank (Jackson poor businessman; angry » bank fell).
Missouri
Compromise- Missouri wanted admission, would come in as a slave state
due to location
»
disrupt balance of power; Maine left Massachusetts and asked for
admission »
Maine admitted as free, Missouri as slave.
Everyone
agreed slavery was bad; southerners just didn’t want north telling
them that- also dependent for their livelihood- couldn’t give
up—legal issues.
South-
argued violation of 5th Amendment- deprived of property
(slaves).
What
to do if there were free blacks in Missouri?
Free blacks could only live there
for six months »
Settlement in Washington
Escaped
slaves from Alabama and George went to Florida; came back and attacked
with Indians
»
Jackson attacked & took Florida, paying $5 million for it »
slaves had to go North through the Underground Railroad.
Court
Cases
Gibbons
v. Ogden: (Marshall’s most
popular opinion)- Ogden runs a steamship company between New York and
New Jersey; his license was issued by New York- Gibbons’s license was
issued by Congressional Coastal Act; Ogden’s license gave him a
monopoly between New York and New Jersey »
Ogden sues Gibbons to keep monopoly, wins in New York; Gibbons appeals
to the Supreme Court (Article I, Section 8, ss3- commerce clauses)-
Supreme Court ruled that only Congress can regulate interstate trade-
monopoly illegal (Commerce is Intercourse)
Cohens
v. Virginia- Marshall asserted
federal rights to review cases- Cohens was selling
illegal lottery tickets, appealed to the Supreme Court.
McCulloch
v. Maryland- Maryland wanted to
tax a branch of the National Bank; Marshall
ruled bank constitutional- invoked Hamilton Doctrine (all powers not
forbade were granted).
Fletcher
v. Peck- Contract has offer,
acceptance, consideration; large piece of land in George- legislature
conveys to private speculators who paid bribes to legislature (illegal,
violates public policy); speculators then sold their land to other
people (a valid contract)—new legislators try to take back land;
Supreme Court shields innocent 3rd party people (cannot break
legal contract) »
government cannot revoke individual contracts.
Dartmouth
College v. Woodward- King of
England gives charter to trustees to establish Dartmouth; New Hampshire
tries to revoke charter, make Dartmouth a public college; Supreme Court
rules against revocation- cannot impair a valid contract »
reaffirms contract sanctity, expands meaning of contract.
Monroe
Doctrine- enforced by British Navy- 1) Europeans are to stay out of the
Western Hemisphere (the colonies); 2) Any attempts will be viewed as
threats to security; 3) US will stay out of European affairs.
(11/30)
Rise
of Jacksonian Democracy- political influence moves west due to no
property requirements
for voting in west » change electorate; east looked down on elected officials in the west »
politicians change message to appeal to the common people.
Adams-
President who preceded Jackson; people thought he was “weird” –
went back to his house after presidency; advocated observatories/space
exploration, and national universities; thought of as arrogant.
Tariff
Issue- separate North + South
Jackson
introduced Spoils System- winning candidate selects his people as
government Officials
Cabinet
Crisis- Supreme Court exposition- Supreme Court wasn’t going to pay
state tariff; Government of Virginia wasn’t going to let army go
through, was threatened
Webster-
union; Clay- compromise; Calhoun- secede
Adams/Jackson
election (1824) – no candidate had electoral majority; Jackson had plurality
but not majority » went to House »
Adams won because of Clay’s encouragement. In exchange, Clay became Secretary of State in what was known
as the Corrupt Bargain, because the Secretary of State used to be a
stepping stone to the presidency. …no actual evidence of bargain.
(12/1)
1828
Election Campaign Theme- Corrupt Bargain, beginning of modern
campaigning- Jackson as “Old Hickory.”
The
Peggy Eaton Affair
Secretary
of War married to Peggy Eaton- everyone is appalled by her because of her
alleged adultery (fomented by Calhoun’s wife); Jackson liked her but
finally relented »
Calhoun (Vice President) became Jackson’s enemy »
tried to get Supreme Court to secede.
Rachel
Jackson read about allegations about her (relating to Peggy Eaton), went
to
bed and never got up again »
Jackson regretted not killing Clay or Calhoun.
Jackson
shunned his cabinet because of Calhoun + Peggy Eaton; actually ran the
country through his own “Kitchen Cabinet” around a poker table in
the basement, consisting of White House staff.
Adams advocated letting the South secede because it was too corrupted by
slavery to save. Clay
supported the expansion of slavery.
Tariff
of Abominations- supported in South, opposed in
North—originally—later, reverse, when the South discovered the
inadequacies of the rivers in their area.
Wool tariffs increased from 27% to 31%; Jackson wanted to push it
to 41% (Tariff
of 1828- “joking” tariff to make Adams look bad; backfired and was
passed); South disliked Federal interference, feared they would try to
effect slavery, concerned about Article IV in Court (if slave goes to a
free state, must be returned) being revoked with more northern states »
South will draw line here… (Sold cotton in other markets, but bought
tariff- laden materials) (also domino effect- less buying of British
products, British buy less cotton) »
Supreme
Court Exposition (by Calhoun)- follows up on Kentucky + Virginia
Resolution (National Government should follow states’ will; if states
dislike northern government laws, they can declare them
unconstitutional; states can secede from the union) »
Webster-Hayne Debate: Daniel Webster argues that the norther
government is an agent of the people, not the states (vs. Hayne);
Webster says Supreme Court determines constitutionality; no state can
secede. »
(12/4)
Jackson’s
1832 Tariff- rates lowered- Ordinance of Nullification-
(Constitutional Convention) in Supreme Court: denied tariffs of 1828 and
1832; Supreme Court forbade collection of tariffs, people effected can
get 2x their value back in court »
Calhoun resigned as Vice President » became Supreme Court gov.; Jackson says Supreme Court cannot nullify
laws, enforced collection of tariffs (spoke to Supreme Court people,
said secession was illegal, would lead to Civil War; passed Farce Bill,
moved in militia and navy) »
people in Supreme Court stood up to Supreme Court; no other southern
state supported Supreme Court.
1833-
Tariffs reduced to 20% by 1842 by Clay.
Native
American situation- Jackson’s administration wanted to get rid of
Indians (blacks +
whites united in agreement)- don’t understand why Indians haven’t
morally “improved;” problem was that Indians were civilized and they
needed to be gotten rid of (stereotype didn’t work- had representative
government, judicial courts, schools, and permanent property) but whites
found gold where Indians were »
Trail of Tears (Jackson said they had to go- impossible to have 2
nations in one land- “Indian Removal Act”)
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