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The
Civil War and Reconstruction
Your
Key to These Notes:
 A
Major Point  A
Sub-bullet, or a point related to the one above.
A point of
interest that will most likely not be on the AP test.
» Therefore,
or Ergo.
(1-16)
Causes
of the Civil War- slavery, economic struggle, passion/ineptitude, party
politics
Fighting
began at Fort Sumter
Wartime
Liberties- Habeas Corpus (must be told why you were arrested)- Lincoln
tried to suspend, but the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional- can only
be suspended in areas of active rebellion.
North
had draft, but could pay for a substitute
Draft
led to very bad race riots (did not want to fight free blacks); [NY very
Southern-oriented (Copperheads)]
Profiteers
Chapter 22
Bull
Run (Manassas)- just South of DC- fought quickly to move fast in order
to finish before contracts expired; South won despite expectations;
Thomas Jackson got the name "Stonewall"
Peninsula
Campaign (7-day battles)- McClellan wanted to seize Richmond; North won
every time but did not succeed because deceived by # of fires/soldiers.
Antietam-
Turning point (Sharpsburg)- Muller's Field, sunken road, Burnside
Bridge--South withdrew first (North won) because soldiers didn't want to
attack North; North did not follow up because McClellan didn't want to
risk his soldiers.
Gettysburg
& Vicksburg- turning points toward North; Chancellorsville- another
defeat due to cowardice; Vicksburg- western turn toward North by cutting
off Southern resources.
Battle
for Atlanta- 1864 McClellan vs. Lincoln; McClellan wants to let South
go; Atlantic battle is won by the North; faith in Lincoln returns » reelected.
Battle
through wilderness, Lee flees ahead, Grant finally chases, meet &
fight @ Spotsylvania Courthouse- North (outnumbering South 3:1) went
into killing frenzy- won battle; Lee retreats to Petersburg, but first
Cold Harbor (South entrenched); enormous loss for North » laid
siege; Lincoln sent turkeys @ Thanksgiving; tunneled, blew up a large
hole in Confederate armies, led soldiers into crates, massacred » Norht defeats South @ Five Forks; Sayler's Creek (last battle
» Lee & Grant meet to discuss surrender, agree to surrender on Sunday
@ Appomattox Courthouse;
Generals
took over McLain's house to end the war. McLain owned the land
upon which the Battle of Bull Run was fought.
Northern
army saluted south, organized by Chamberlain
Andersonville-
prison at which starved soldiers suffered.
13th
Amendment- abolished slavery; 14th Amendment- gave citizenship rights to
all born in the US; expanded gov. power.
(1-29)
Chapter 23
What to do about
Confederate states?
Lincoln
wants to readopt; welcomes back » peace (Presidential
Reconstruction- 10% plan- once 10% of male voters pledge allegiance to
the Constitution, the state is restored to the Union).
Radical
Republicans- Wade Davis Bill- need a majority (>50%) of voters to
swear allegiance to current and past constitutions (impossible for any
southern state to fulfill)
Lincoln
assassinated » Johnson becomes President
Post-War
North
Morrill
Tariff- doubling of duties
Morrill
Land Grant Act- 30,000 acres per member of Congress in a state to
establish Land Grant Colleges (Agricultural & Mechanical
Colleges)
Homestead
Act- 160 acres if cultivated & occupied for 5 years
National
Banking Act- uniform system of banking
Post-War
South
3
crops- cotton, tobacco, sugar cane-- took until 1879 to live up to 1860
production of cotton; 1860-1880 for tobacco; 1860-1893 for sugar
cane. After Civil War, many decided not to go back to the South;
some land confiscated; work force freed; lots of hatred because many
blacks owned Southern land through Freedman's Act- if worked 40 acres
for 3 years, could purchase; also about Yankee occupation.
Johnson
wanted to follow Lincoln plan, but opposed National Government looking
out for black interests- vetoed Freedman's Bureau & Civil Rights Act
of 1866 (all people regardless of color had basic rights of citizenship)
» Johnson vetoed this, but Congress overrode.
14th
Amendment
I-
All people born within a state or a territory have national/state
citizenship.
II-
All citizens entitled to privileges & rights of all other citizens.
III-
No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due
process.
IV-
All persons get equal legal protection (applies Bill of Rights against
states, as opposed to just national government)
Black
Codes (Jim Crowe)- written to treat black people differently
(restrictive), because states have broad authority on health, safety,
moral , etc. areas
Jim
Crowe- laws that discriminate (parodied black people, overexaggerating)-
very negative connotation.
Black
people turn to own churches.
Stipulated
that black people had to have employment or long term contracts or else
they were fined.
Johnson
required states to ratify 13th Amendment (Emancipation) before rejoining
the Union.
Reasons
for Congressional/Presidential conflict:
Congress
wanted to restrict Presidential power.
Many
Congressmen didn't think 13th Amendment was enough to protect black
people.
Revenge
on South for Civil War (Bloody Shirt- bloodshed brought by south)
Political-
South controlled by Democrats- Congress would no longer be Republican as
Southern States return (3/5 Compromise goes away)
Congress
insisted that 14th Amendment must also be ratified (which the South will
not do) » South divided into 5 military districts under marshal
law until 1876.
(2-1)
Congress
passes Tenure of Office Act- if Senate okays a person for Cabinet, the
President must act the Senate to fire him (Stanton); Johnson says
unconstitutional- illegally fined Stanton » impeached him (House
impeached him) [enough evidence to have trial, jury is US Senate- 35
votes (needed 36 to convict)] » not convicted; Johnson not
reelected- Grant.
15th
Amendment (1868)- Right to vote shall not be denied on account of race;
required reading tests, still denied black votes; Pole tax- blacks
couldn't pay (Civil War Amendments: 13, 14, 15)
Southern
Voting- primarily black
Republicans
organized Union Leagues (secret black organizations led by white
Republicans- Rep. propaganda)
"Carpet
Baggers"- carried belongings in a bag made of carpet, helped by
Scalowags; organized Union Leagues.
Nathaniel
Forest set up KKK to break up Union Leagues (Also Knights of the White
Camilia) » disappears by 1870 when taken over by criminals,
Forest leaves.
(2-5)
Chapter 24
Grant
elected President in 1868 ("The Lion at Vicksburg"), had poor
political judgment; picked cabinet nominees at random or chose
friends.
The
Gilded Age (according to Mark Twain)
J.
Gould tried to corner god market; was $132/oz., buys @ lower price as
down payment; sells @ $163/oz.- made a great deal of profit, but price
skyrocketed » Treasury wanted to keep lower, so sold gold on open
market @ lower prices » Gould convinced Grant to stop Treasury
selling gold.
Secretary
of War in charge of Indians (who merchants who sold to Indians were) » required bribe
» had to resign.
Whiskey
Ring- government officials keeping excise taxes for themselves.
Credit
Moblier- Union Pacific created a "dummy" corporation,
responsible for track @ $50,000/mile; stock holders made lots of money
from $20,000 overcharge.
Bloody
Shirt (Republican image)- Democrats' fault that the Civil War had
happened.
Liberal
Republican Revolt of 1872
Major
Issues (1872-1896)
Tariff
Monopolies
Currency
Civil
Service Reform
Immigration
Republicans-
reformers, moralists, anti-Catholic, Union Veteran, black people.
Democrats-
southern whites, immigrants (Catholic or Jewish), free thinkers.
Senate-
R.; House- D.
No
president had a voting majority
A
good presidential candidate was unknown, affable, was cooperate
w/Congress (weak Presidents- all until Roosevelt); 70-80% election
participation.
Panic
of 1873- Money supply decreased (withdrew paper money); less buying » people wanted more $ (inflation)
25
railroads defaulted on interest payments due on bonds » people
panicked, took money out of banks » depression.
Gould
or Fiske sold RR bonds to banks, who used deposits to buy bonds;
Europeans had money in US banks, pulled $ out, collapsed banks.
Election
of 1872- Grant (R) v. Horace Greely (D; newspaper writer); Greely
campaigns & wife dies of exhaustion on the campaign, he died little
later; Grant wins election.
Resumption
Act of 1875- Resume using gold as $ (people could turn in paper $ for
gold) » deflation (only a little amount of gold- cash value goes
up)
Election
of 1876- Samuel Tilden v. Rutherford Hayes; disputed, initially toward
Tilden, then Hayes "stole" it back.
1877-
two Houses set up Electoral Commission of 15 members- 5 Senate, 5 House,
5 Supreme Court; commission gave votes to Hayes
Compromise
of 1877- if Hayes became President, army would be withdrawn from the
South and LA & SC would give government to Democrats; South had to
abide by Civil War Amendments.
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