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Romantics,
Expansionism, and Pre-Civil War America
Your
Key to These Notes:
 A
Major Point  A
Sub-bullet, or a point related to the one above.
A point of
interest that will most likely not be on the AP test.
» Therefore,
or Ergo.
Treaty
of New Acoda- leader was bough out for $5.6 million.
Arkansas-
anyone with ¼ + Indian blood could not testify; white supremacists that
were unruly (duels, card games, etc.)- clans that were superstitious,
apathetic, illiterate, Indian-hating.
Second
National Bank- 1st ran out in 1811, Jackson not a fan of the
National Bank (supported
by Clay- early business failing); Northeast favors bank; West and South
oppose bank (due to restrictions on paper money); renewed bank before it
was due (1832 election issue)- Jackson vetoed à
depression, bank still around but weak (withdrew federal money in
National Bank, put in state [“wildcat”] banks à
lent out to people who could not pay – paid back in counterfeit) à
enacts Specie Circulate (all northern government transactions must
happen in gold or silver) à
Panic of 1837.
(12/5)
Texas-
Stephen Austin led first group of settlers into Texas; to settle Texas,
but had 3 constitutions:
(no local government, no slaves, prefer Catholicism); Americans moved
but did not accept- brought slaves, wanted to have local government à
Texans won independence, wanted to join US (some opposed- slave state)
…eventually let Texas into union to avoid their allying with Britain
& France.
Whig
Party- organized by Clay, Adams, and Webster (anti-Jackson party)- also
“National Republicans,”
but not Republican Party; 1836- Martin Van Buren elected President
(“Jackson’s candidate”); blamed for economic problems that were
Jackson’s fault à
Harrison elected (Whig Party- 1840) à back to 2-party system; died within first month.
Laissez-Fare
Capitalism- no government control.
(12/7)
Agriculture-
Cotton gin (Ely Whitney made no money off of cotton gin- didn’t
patent fast enough)- black-seed or green-seed cotton only ~ 1lb/day
Plow
(first superstition that iron would poison soil; also 1 piece), then
John Deere’s steel plow.
Reaper (cut and stacked wheat)
Cotton, corn, and wheat- 3
staple crops of the time
Transportation
Wagon- 4mph (limited space)
Flat boat- 2mph (only downstream)
Railroad- 10mph (unsafe-
snakeheads- track popping up; brakes on each car, pin coupling system,
different gauges [tracks]; no spark control)
Steam Ship (both ways)
Clipper Ship (New York to San
Francisco in 90 days)- developed for green tea, which must be brought to
market quickly; only lasted 20 years before steam overtook.
Land
Sales- 50% population lived in the west by 1860
Land Law of 1820- $1.25/acre
with a minimum of 80 acres- $100 ($1.64/acre before with a minimum of
160 acres); hard money required.
Preemption Act of 1830- dealt
with squatters- could squat on land before it was surveyed
for sale à
entitled to buy it, but must be hostile, notorious, active- visible,
exclusive, continuous possession.
Graduation Act of 1854-
provided depreciation for land that didn’t sell until $0.12/acre.
(12/12)
Religion
Second Great Awakening- 1800:
questioning religion, wanted more merciful god, moving
away from Colonialism à Deism (from Newton- “Watchmaker concept of god” – makes product
and moves on- impersonal- Washington, Jefferson, Payne all live by
certain standards- always justice, mercy, and working toward happiness)
Unitarianism (unity between
god & man- everyone is eligible for salvation, everyone inherently
good- Boston is center)- “man is too good to be damned.”
Universalism (all people will
be saved- “god is too good to damn a man.”)
Second Great Awakening-
“Pope” Timothy Dwight (grandson of John Edwards)- religious
revivals, camp meetings.
Plan of Union (merge of
Congregationalists + Presbyterians)
Methodists- circuit riders-
preachers without congregations- traveled and preached
Baptists- infallibility of the
Bible, everyone equal to god, independent congregations- no
centralizing.
Burned-over district (place
where Great Awakening has swept)
Mormon/Church of the Latter
Day Saints (Joseph Smith- “angel took him and gave
him the book of Mormons” à went to Commerce, Illinois [later changed to Novan, Illinois]; polygamy
caused anxiety à Smith arrested, non-Mormons stormed jail and killed him; Salt Lake,
Utah- Brigham Young took over and brought there)
Romanticism-
“America has a Mission, better than Europe”- placeheart before head-
moods,
feelings, individuality à Transcendentalism (something that transcends reason; not everything can
be quantified; every human being has an inner light—intuition—from
god); led by Emerson—published the Dial
(put aside awe of Europeà
intellectual declaration of independence); all of our souls are part of
the “great universal” soul- oversoul—stress individuality and
strengthen personality.
Thoreau-
(Emerson’s neighbor)- moved to a cabin on Walden’s Pond to devote himself
to observation & writing; refused to pay a tax about Mexican
American War, spent a night in jail; wrote “Civil Disobedience”
afterward à
Hawthorne (also lived in the same neighborhood)- central themes are sin,
pride and selfishness)
Emily Dickinson (1800 poems;
only 2 published during her lifetime)- isolated life; fell in love with
a married minister; withdrew (themes of life, death, loveliness, distant
lover)
Herman Melville (not
appreciated until 1900s; was a sailor- wants to write adventure &
man’s single-mindedness to destroy evil)
Walt Whitman (in love with
Brooklyn; famous for “Leaves of Grass;” called for women’s
independence)
Temperance
Movement- drinking was a problem; Soldiers of the Cross wanted to
abolish alcoholism
(led by Ben Rush) – said there was a link between alcohol and poverty
& family problems; sign with T for Total Abstinence à
alcohol identified as “demon rum” à 1838- 15 gallons minimum alcohol served- alcoholism taverns; voted down
in ‘40s à “dry” town s that forbade alcohol sale à
1860- reduced consumption.
Prison
Reform- prisons were holding places until punishment à
creation of penitentiary (“penance”)- a place for purification
(religiously motivated) à
1840- 12 penitentiaries à
Debtors Prisons abolished by the 1860s.
(12/13)
Philadelphia Hospital (care
for lunatics as opposed to jails or poor houses)- Dorthea Dix- reform
for insane; conducted 2-year investigation in Massachusetts; concluded
that their treatment was inhumane.
Women’s
Rights (The Cult of Domesticity- women are confined to spheres of
influence- women should nurture family, civilize man; women trained in
domestic arts- text book for all aspects of daily life… house was a
“safety zone” for women to protect from industrialization; women
unable to vote, forfeit property to men upon marriage)
1840-
beginning of organized feminist movement (sparked by anti-slavery
movement)- Elizabeth K. Stanton + Susan B. Anthony—Seneca Falls
Convention released “Declaration of Sentiment” – newspapers
disapproved; continued to meet until Civil War; Mississippi first to
being recognizing women- allowed them to keep property à
1st female doctor- Harriet Hunt (self-taught); Elizabeth
Blackwell (first admitted to medical school as a joke; finished top of
her class); Margaret Fuller (editor of the Dial;
wrote “Women in the 19th Century”)
Wilderness
Utopias- people wanted to create perfect societies; ones rooted in
religion lasted
longest (Shakers- “United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second
Appearance;” founded by Ann Stanton- would dance when visitors cameà
called “Shakers;” rejected sex, settling in Mt. Lebanon-
socialistic); (Oneida- perfectionists- no law regulating sex- [anyone
with anyone]- “free love theology;” was driven to Canada); (New
Harmony- based on factory system- 900 people ran a series of industries;
all businesses owned by community membersà
factionalized and fell [bankrupt]); (Brooke Farm- formed by
Transcendentalists as a think tank- place to come and study à
building burned down, ended). (12-18)
Chapter 17
Compromise
of 1850- Terms:
Slavery
in Southwest determined by popular sovereignty (citizens of territories
would vote on free/slave)
No
slave trade in Washington, D.C.
Fugitive
Slave Law enforced Prigg
v. Pennsylvania- leads to Comp. of 1850 [Article IV, Section 2-
escaped slaves must be returned]; 1793- gov. said slaves had no rights;
slaves had to prove that they were not a slave, but could not do
anything in court (if a southerner said he was an escaped slave) »
states passed Personal Liberty Laws that said black people could do
anything natural in court.
Pirgg
grabbed a slave from Penn., state took him & convicted him of
kidnapping » went to the Supreme Court » Supreme Court says state laws
(these) are unconstitutional, but a state does not have to assist in
recapturing slaves » South offended » North formed vigilance
committees to "look out" for slaves, cooperate w/underground
railroad. 1850-1860-
343 trials; 332 favored plantation owners; 11 favored slaves » many
blacks went to Canada (over 11,000 from 1850-60) Battle
of Christiana (Penn. near Gettysburg)- Quaker/slave community; - 1851-
U.S. Marshals came to get 2 escaped slaves, found, & 24 armed
blacks; Quakers shooed away the Marshals; owner refused to leave--he was
killed and the marshals driven out. Georgia
Platform- unless North cooperated in enforcing Fugitive Slave Law, south
would secede » didn't because cotton/economy in South went up. 1852-
Uncle Tom's Cabin » protests saying wage slaves were worse off
than slaves. Economy-
South flees inferior (and is, due to slower development because of
unmotivated slave labor) (1-4)
Chapter 18
Manifest
Destiny- the US had a divine purpose to encompass all of North
America...failed because northern politicians opposed South American
expansion- would be slave states. Tyler
became president after Harrison died (shortest term); Harrison had no
opinions, Tyler had many (moral righteousness of slavery, plantations,
stats' rights, hated nationalism); Tyler was unsuccessful due to fights
with the Whigs' Henry Clay in Congress. John
O. Sullivan coined the term "Manifest Destiny" 1808-
England & US agreed to stop slave trade; US would not enforce, but
Britain did with gunboats » British begin seizing American ships,
Americans claim this is against International Law despite official US
law »
Webster
Ashburton Treaty: negotiate boundaries of Maine; Americans agree to help
enforce slave trade patrol The
Caroline Incident- American steamboat seized by Canadians &
burned...Great Lakes/Lake of the Woods boundaries settled. Texas
was independent- Sam Houston was President; Texas was originally turned
down as a state (due to the slavery issue)--wanted to be a state »
started talking with Britain & France
Election
of 1844- Polk advocated annexing Texas; American soldiers occupied Rio
Grande because Mexicans insisted Nueces River (further north) was the
US/Mexico boundary; soldiers began fighting » Mexican/American War.
Adams,
Lincoln opposed the war- Lincoln put forth Spot Resolutions asking where
on American soil blood was shed.
New
Englanders wanted to secede (Mass. started)...but Texas was unsuitable
for corps; wanted to make it a free state.
Treaty
of Guadalupe Hidalgo- ended M/A War- US got California, Arizona, Nevada,
Colorado, New Mexico » quesiton of slavery raised--training ground for
Robert E. Lee, Meade, "Stonewall" Jackson, and Grant. Oregon-
British had Hudson's Bay Company, US had L&C Gray. »joint
occupation of WA west of the Columbia River. Native
Americans- of course, disliked Manifest Destiny- horse allowed to become
nomadic, some farmed & fished, some gathered seeds (semi-nomadic),
NW (wealthiest); Indians were generally not hostile, most wagons didn't
encounter any, often very helpful.
Donner
Party- left too late, created double-decker wagon, tried to cross in
luxury and take shortcuts. Only 7 of 87 survived. (Sierra Nevada
Mountains) (1-8)
Chapter 19
Popular
sovereignty- residents determine free/slave; slaves = 1/4 of US
population in 1776; William Lloyd Garrison- :Liberator" paper David
Wilmot (after Mex/American War)- member of House; asked by Polk for $2
million to negotiate with Mexico
Wilmot
added "rider"- Wilmot Proviso (no slavery or involuntary
servitude in Mexican session [land acquired from Mex. outside of
Texas])- does not pass 40 times. Lewis
Case- popular sovereignty (squatter sovereignty) Calhoun-
bill of rights guarantees slavery Polk-
wanted to extend Missouri Compromise line to Pacific coast (failed
because AZ & NM don't have cotton- slavery would be useless there.) 1848-
California wishes to enter as free state to halt lawlessness- would
unbalance & set precedent » 1850-
Compromise of 1850 (debated for 6 months)
California
is free; NM & VT would use pop. sovereignty
Texas
gives disputed land to NM for $10 million
Slave
trade abolished in DC; stricter fugitive slave law enacted. North
outraged by this.
Zack
Taylor died (put union first) » Fillmore (compromiser) became
president; led to Compromise of 1850 (by Clay)
Transcontinental
Railroad- Gadston Purchase (South AZ & NM) from Mexico for $10
million- for the railroad from New Orleans to Los Angeles; Pres. Douglas
preferred Chicago to Midwest; gave pop. sovereignty in KA & NE.
South
turned down- both above Missouri Comp. line » Douglas repeals Missouri
Compromise » fails. He is executed for treason; North mourned his
loss, South celebrated it.
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