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The
Vietnam War through Jimmy Carter
Your Key to
These Notes:
 A
Major Point  A
Sub-bullet, or a point related to the one above.
A point of interest
that will most likely not be on the AP test.
» Therefore,
or Ergo.
(4-23)
Chapter 40
McCarthyism-
Algier Hiss fingered by Whittaker Chambers (with microfilm)- begins
crusade against Communism in State Department.
Desegregation-
South has gone back to Jim Crowe laws
Mydral
writes about the American dilemma- commitment to equality and white
supremacy at the same time.
Brown
v. Board of Education- reverses Plessy v. Ferguson (which
said that blacks and whites could be separated as long as facilities
were equal)- 1954- Supreme Court banned segregation in public
facilities- minority race has "badge of slavery" attached to
it, which violates the 13th Amendment.
White
Citizen Councils- Georgia and North Carolina passed state laws saying
mixed schools would not get state funding; Mississippi arrested school
officials who led mixed schools; 1st black student admitted to
university- 1957.
Little
Rock, Arkansas (Central High School)- judge ordered desegregation-
National Guard called to protect rioters; Eisenhower sent army to
desegregate.
Civil
Rights Act of 1957- setup Civil Rights Commissions (led by Lyndon B.
Johnson)
Civil
Rights Act of 1960- Federal referees sent to South to ensure black
voting ability.
Roy
Wilkins- NAACP
1955-
Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white person on a bus »
Martin Luther King, Jr. established Southern Christian Leadership
Conference.
1960-
University of North Carolina- 4 students sit at segregated counter »
begin sit-in/wait-in/kneel-in movements.
CORE-
"Freedom Rides" from North in buses through South
Vietnam
Indo-China
was French colony- resistance led by Ho Chi Minh (wanted independence)-
US supports France for support in NAFTA- US provides 80% of the funding.
Diem
Bien Fu- divides Vietnam into North and South; Ho Chi Minh ruled above
the 17th parallel, Diem in South- US sides with South, asking for free
elections- Diem does not allow it- knows that the Communists would win;
North is agricultural, libratory; South is made of new-frontier
individualists.
Atlantic
Charter of 1943- US claims to move away from colonies » Ho Chi Minh
thought the US would support him as opposed to the French
colony.
1956-
Hungarians rise up and are put down by the Soviets.
Russians
want Persia- US supports "Sha of Iran"
Suez
Crisis- Israelis attack Egypt, take Suez canal
Eisenhower
reelected in 1956 » Space Race- Russia launches Sputnik
Khrushchev
came to the UN and took off his shoe, yelling that Russia would crush
Americans.
1960-
Kennedy v. Nixon
Some
say part of the reason Kennedy won was because Nixon was less
photogenic. Unlike Kennedy, he had to shave twice a day, and he
tended to sweat more, making him appear less credible on the televised
debates between the two candidates.
Betty
Friedan- found college friends doing well but unhappy; wrote The
Feminine Mystique.
(4-27)
John
Foster Dulles- believed Truman's containment too weak » Doctrine of
Massive Retaliation- SAC (Strategic Air Command)- nuclear weapons,
ICBMs, and B52s in the air 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. ; He believed
in brinkmanship, or taking US to the brink of war in order to get Soviet
concession.
U2
Flight (spy planes high enough to avoid Russian missiles); Gary Powers
(U2 pilot) was captured when the U2 was shot down » Eisenhower handled
badly » cancel Paris summit.
1960-
Kennedy promises "new frontier"; Baptista taken over by Castro
in Cuba- asked Khrushchev for help, declared Cuba Communistic » CIA
organized and trained Cuban refugees to overthrow Castro (Bay of Pigs)-
fell apart » Cuban Missile Crisis- Khrushchev wanted to equal US
missiles in Turkey » Kennedy ordered missiles out of Cuba- created
naval blockades » ships turned back, missiles disassembled.
1963-
Kennedy assassinated- Warren Commission blames Lee Harvey Oswald
alone.
LBJ
takes over- launches war on poverty; escalation of Vietnam War- both
cost billions of dollars » inflation hike.
Vietnam:
Diem
tries to purge South of Vietminh (Minh supporters; also NLF, the
Vietcong) » starts war » US provides "advisors"
1963-
Buddhist monks protest Diem corruption (setting themselves on fire) »
Kennedy orders Diem's assassination.
After
this, a law was passed stating that American Presidents can no longer
order assassinations of foreign leaders. Such an offense is
impeachable. Non-leaders are still fair game.
Gulf
of Tunkin Resolution- 1964- Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked US
destroyer » joint resolution gave President power to use "whatever
force necessary to protect US interests" - expand war.
1968-
Tet Offensive- (Tet: Vietnamese New Year)- North Vietnamese attacked and
drove US back; US/South Vietnam regained their position » huge loss for
North, but sentiment in the US itself turned against the Vietnam War
(worn out by the Tet Offensive)- LBJ approval goes down to 35%
Bobby
Kennedy's assassination, MLK's assassination, and the Tet Offensive all
occurred in 1968.
Nixon
Runs for President and wins.
1969-
Nixon begins withdrawing from Vietnam - but - escalated air war &
gave North Vietnam more power- air compensated for soldiers' absence;
Vietnamizaiton- turning over war to South Vietnam; Passification- trying
to create good relations - failed » bombing of Cambodia » Ho Chi
Minh's operations go underground to avoid bombing »
1970-
bombing increase » Kent State Protest- National Guard fired upon
protesting students; Jackson State Protest.
Fragging,
army falls apart.
Nixon
sent Henry Kissinger to Paris to negotiate with the Vietnamese, but they
spent months trying to agree upon the shape of the table around which
they would sit--who would sit at the head?
The
North Vietnamese wanted control of the South, and also peace.
1972-
Mass bombing of Hanoi; lost 15 B52s (as opposed to the one lost over the
previous seven years of war)
1975-
North Vietnam attacked South Vietnam and defeated them.
Lieutenant
Calley court-martialed for executing the entire village of Milin.
(5-1)
LBJ-
defeated for Senate due to fraud; went to army; ran for Senate and won
by stuffing ballot boxes; cared about poor, blacks, underprivileged;
wanted to eliminate poverty in the US- The Great Society (from The
Other America by Herrington- said 40 million people lived in poverty
and TV made it worse- people realized what they didn't have)
Poverty
line: $3,000 or less for a family of 4.
LBJ:
Job corps- work opportunities for inner-city poor under 21 years of age;
Head Start: poor preschools; VISTA- work with poor outside the US
Election
of 1964: LBJ vs. Goldwater
Civil
Rights Act of 1964- ended segregation in places of public accommodation
(hotels, pools, bathrooms, etc.)
Urban
Development- mid 1960s- replace old buildings using government
funding.
Immigration
Act of 1965- top @ 170,000 could come in; no more than 20,000 from any
one country- few Europeans, many Asians and Latin Americans (Eastern
Europe was not welcome, and Western Europe was happy where they were);
Asians came because of Vietnam » US became more diverse.
Highway/Traffic
Safety Acts- seatbelts put in cars; Driver's Ed.; bumpers
fortified.
Clean
Water Act of 1965- provided sewage treatment plant money.
Black
Power
Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission- investigated diversification
complaints
MLK
March- Literacy Laws- required demonstration of literacy (which
consisted of copying the entire Constitution by hand within a few hours
during the workweek) to vote unless one's grandfather could read (aimed
at preventing descendants of slaves from voting) » Voting Rights Act of
1965 (LBJ): suspended literacy tests; National Government sent people to
register black voters. » more than 250,000 black voters by the end of
1965.
Black
Power- split among black people over MLK's non-violence- black people in
Norht frustrated (Defacto (N) vs. DeJure (S) Segregation- DeJure-
segregation by law, can be remedied by law; Defacto- all-white community
shuns black people- no laws or governments involved)- nonviolence worked
in South, but ineffective against Northern Defacto Segregation » urban
violence in the North- SNCC (youth) split from MLK's nonviolent
organization.
Malcolm
X (Originally "Malcolm Little" - the X represented lost
African surname)- founded own organization of non-whites- killed by
rival black group.
Black
Power helped blacks take pride in their heritage- "African
Americans"; forced MLK to launch civil rights focus on poor
urbanites.
(5-2)
Chapter 42: The 1970s
War
on poverty + Vietnam War caused inflation; Japanese economy moved
forward (due to no military spending); Germany & France had
recovered
Détente-
China-US and Russia-US relations improvements » created fracture
between Russia and China.
Warren
was Supreme Court Chief Justice- became liberal- Earl Warren started
Warren report (investigated JFK)
Griswold
v. Conn- Contraceptives could not be used- Supreme Court ruled
people had a right to sexual privacy » Roe v. Wade (right to
privacy about bodies, therefore abortion allowed)
Gideon
v. Wainwright- defendants had right to legal counsel (and government
would appoint legal counsel if the defendant could not afford it)
Escobedo
and Miranda- right to remain silent & right to be informed of these
rights.
New
York Times v. Sullivan- Public figures are abused by the press, and
it is legal.
Engel
v. Vitale- eliminated prayer and Bible reading (for spiritual
purposes) in public schools.
Reynolds
v. Sims- Legislative districts in states must be the same size; Westbury
v Sanders- National Congressional districts must be the same
size.
Nixon-
Philadelphia Plan (expanded Affirmative Action to groups of people),
EPA, OSHP, Endangered Species Act, Clean Air Act.
1972-
Nixon v. McGovern
Watergate-
theft of DNP (Democratic National Party) documents by Nixon aides- Nixon
covered for them; White House was taped-recorded- court subpoenaed- many
gaps » investigation » impeachment (resignation)
Gerald
Ford (1st unelected President)- Spiral Agnu (real VP) had to resign
earlier, leaving the Senate to elect Ford.
1976-
Ford lost election closely (lost due to the fact that he pardoned Nixon,
allowing him not to be tried out of office)- Jimmy Carter won.
Carter-
peace between Egypt and Israel (Sadat and Begin)- Camp David; inflation
> 10%, up to 18%, high oil prices.
IATOLO-
Iranian takeover of US embassy, took hostages » Reagan won the next
election.
And
there ends history!
Okay, so maybe
not, but in every history class I've ever taken, a mere mention of
Reagan and the '80s is as far as we've ever gotten. This class was
no different, but even though the focus for my database question on the
AP exam was The 1920s-1970s, I didn't have any problems answering
the questions they threw at me. I hope these notes have been
helpful, and good luck!
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